BRITISH RULE IN INDIAN (PART 2)
1858-1914
THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY WAS APOGEE OF BRITISH POWER IN
INDIA
DISRAELI PROCLAIMED QUEEN VICTORIA EMPRESS OF INDIA (JANUARY 1, 1877)
INDEPENDENT PRINCELY RULERS VASSALS OF ENGLAND
PROTECTED STATES CONTINUED TO BE TREATED AS INDEPENDENT
SOVEREIGNS
HYDERABAD, MYSORE, KASHMIR, THE RAJPUTS
DID INTERFERE WITH THESE STATES WHICH CONDITIONS
BECAME
EXCEPTIONALLY ARBITRARY AND TYRANNICAL
UNDER BRITISH--THE BRITISH RESIDENT AT EACH PRINCELY COURT HAD THE DUTY TO PROTECT BOTH BRITISH AND NATIVE INTERESTS
TOOK ACTION IN BHUTAN
OCCUPIED BURMA IN 1865
ADDED BALUCHISTAN IN ORDER TO OBTAIN A SECURE BORDER WITH AFGHANISTAN
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
FREE ENTERPRISE AND FREE TRADE
PROGRESS IN THE UNIFICATION OF INDIAN MARKETS
DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS
FOUNDATION OF AN INDUSTRIAL BASE
DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE
INCREASED FOREIGN TRADE
FIRST TELEGRAPH LINE FROM LONDON TO INDIA VIA BAGHDAD AND BASRAH (1865)
SUBMARINE CABLE CONNECTION IN 1870 (BOMBAY AND LONDON VIA ADEN, RED SEA,
MEDITERRANEAN
A MAJOR FACTOR IN UNIFYING THE CONTINENT
CONSTRUCTION OF RAILROADS (24,000 MILES BY
1890)
EFFICIENT POST
TELEGRAPH
MODERN ROADS
ALL THIS CONTRIBUTED TO GROWTH OF INDUSTRY AND TRADE
INDUSTRIALIZATION
BENGAL
JUTE MILLS IN CALCUTTA (1854)
TEXTILES IN BOMBAY
TEN COTTON MILLS BY 1861
ROSE TO OVER 50 IN LESS THAN 20 YEARS
AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
INDUSTRIALIZATION LED BY THE PARSEES FROM BOMBAY
BY 1900 LARGE SCALE INDUSTRIAL PLANNING AND
FINANCING WERE DONE MY INDIANS
EUROPEAN MONOPOLY OF INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT DISAPPEARED
CHOTA NAGPUR STEEL MILLS AT JAMSHEDPUR
STEEL MILL IN HANDS OF TATA FAMILY
SAME WITH MINERAL RESOURCES AND MODERN BANKS
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION HARD ON HANDICRAFT INDUSTRY
AFTER 1860 CASH CROPS ON PLANTATIONS FOR
EXPORT
TEA, COFFEE, COTTON AND INDIGO
IN THIS AREA FOREIGN MANAGEMENT AND FOREIGN CAPITAL
TEA ESPECIALLY FOR THE ENGLISH WHO BEGAN TO COME IN 1860's
GREAT IRRIGATION WORKS BUILT IN THE PUNJAB AND SIND
NEW LANDS UNDER CULTIVATION
DIRECT GOVERNMENT AID
LAWS PROTECTING THE PEASANT
COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES WERE INTRODUCED FOR LOAN PURPOSES
MONEY LENDERS SOMEWHAT CURBED
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTES
1900 INDIAN CURRENCY STABILIZED
RATIO BETWEEN POUND AND RUPEE
PUBLIC HEALTH
POPULATION
WAR, FAMINE, PESTILENCE
MALARIA, CHOLERA, SMALLPOX WERE ENDEMIC
BUBONIC PLAGUE
MORTALITY RATE DECLINED SLOWLY
FAMINE IN ORISSA IN 1865--1 M DIED OF
STARVATION
CROP FAILURE IN BENGAL 1874
FAMINE WIDESPREAD IN 18896, 1897, 1900, AND 1908
SUPPLIES FROM OTHER PARTS OF INDIA AND
OVERSEAS
CENTRAL FAMINE FUND
THE RAILROAD
GROWTH IN POPULATION
1881-1891 POPULATION INCREASED BY 10%
IMMIGRATION DID NOT HELP
INCREASED PRESSURE FOR LAND
SUBDIVISION OF HOLDINGS
NOT ENOUGH LAND TO FEED A FAMILY
INDUSTRIALIZATION NOT ADVANCED ENOUGH TO GIVE JOBS
INDIAN INTELLECTUAL AND RELIGIOUS CURRENTS
MIDDLE CLASS EDUCATED ON BRITISH LINES
A FEELING OF COMMON DESTINY
EDUCATION NEEDED--RISING COMMERCIAL ECONOMY
INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE LIMITED
ENTER PROFESSIONS--LAW, JOURNALISM, AND TEACHING
LAW SUITS RELATED TO COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
DEMOCRACY AND LIBERAL IDEAS
FEELING OF NATIONAL UNITY
GROWTH OF INDIAN NATIONAL SPIRIT
UNIVERSITIES IN CALCUTTA, MADRAS, BOMBAY AND
ELSEWHERE
TAUGHT WESTERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
STUDY THEIR OWN LITERATURE AND TRADITION
DRAMA, POETRY, AND PROSE
NEW MIDDLE CLASS, INTELLECTUAL TRAINED WITH A COMMON INTEREST GAVE RISE TO A
GROWING CONSCIOUSNESS OF UNITY
UNIFORM BRITISH SYSTEM OF ADMINISTRATION THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY
RULE BY LAW
LAW WAS ENGLISH
PRESS WAS ENGLISH
UNIVERSITY WAS ENGLISH
CONSCIOUSNESS OF SEPARATENESS BETWEEN HINDUS
AND MUSLIMS
SECULAR MOVEMENT BUT DID HAVE RELIGIOUS OVERTONES
MUSLIM REFORMS
LEADER WAS SAYYID AHMED KHAN
BORN IN DELHI--OLD MUSLIM FAMILY OF PROMINENCE
JUDGE
PERSONALITY
INTELLIGENT
REGENERATE AND ACCEPT WESTERN EDUCATION AND PROMOTE SOCIAL REFORMS
ESTABLISHED AND PUBLISHED BOOKS, JOURNAL
MADE URDU THE MOST IMPORTANT LANGUAGE FOR INDIA'S MUSLIMS
1877 FOUNDED THE UNIVERSITY OF ALIGARH
GAVE THE MUSLIMS A CENTER OF AND LEADERSHIP
VISITED ENGLAND--IMPRESSED
REMAINED LOYAL TO THE BRITISH
GAVE MUSLIMS NEW ASSERTIVENESS
RESTORED THEIR LOST CONFIDENCE
SPIRIT OF THIS CONFIDENCE CAME TO BE DIRECTED MORE AGAINST THE HINDUS THAN
AGAINST THE ENGLISH
MUSLIMS FEARED PERMANENT
DOMINATION--EDUCATION, POLITICS AND ECONOMICS
NUMBERS WERE SO MUCH SMALLER
1906 ORGANIZED THE MUSLIM LEAGUE TO GET SHARE OF GOVERNMENT POSTS
MUSLIM LEAGUE HEADED BY THE AGA KHAN
WELCOMED BY THE BRITISH AS A COUNTERWEIGHT AGAINST THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRES
MUSLIM LEAGUE WAS NOT A BRITISH CREATION
IT CAME INTO BEING AS THE RESULT OF HINDU MILITANT NATIONALISM
SEEDS OF INDIA'S PARTITION IN THE 20TH