Biology 101 Homework
Why are carbon atoms considered the most versatile building blocks of organic molecules?
Contrast hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon in terms of the electrons needed to fill their valence shell.
What is an isomer of an organic compound?
What is a functional group of an organic compound?
What is the structure of an amino group?
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Contrast the structure and function of starch and cellulose in plants.
What is the molecular structure of a lipid molecule?
How does the structure of a phospholipid molecule differ from a fat molecule?
Contrast the four different levels of protein structure.
What three molecules are bound together to form a nucleotide?
Contrast catabolic and anabolic pathways
What are the three parts of ATP?
Why is the third phosphate bond of ATP so unstable and thus, high energy?
How does an enzyme reduce the activation energy?
What is the role of a cofactor or a coenzyme?
Biology 101 Homework
What limits the maximum size a cell can become?
How do molecules move from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus?
Contrast the structure and function of the three types of fibers in the cytoskeleton.
What are the different molecules in the extracellular matrix?
Contrast a hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solution in term of osmosis.
What is the function of a gated channel in facilitated diffusion?
What kind of gradient does an ion pump create?
How do cells incorporate substances too large to cross the plasma membrane?
Contrast oxidation and reduction.
What are the three main parts of cellular respiration and where in the cell does each take place?
What is the function of the citric acid cycle?
On average, how many ATP molecules are created from each glucose molecule that enters respiration?
Contrast alcohol and lactic acid fermentation?
Biology 101 Homework
Chapter 10 – Photosynthesis
What is the general function of photosynthesis?
What is a photon?
Why does photosystem II consume water and give off oxygen?
How many molecules of ATP and NADH are used to create one molecule of G3P?
What are the inputs into the Calvin cycle?
What is cell signaling?
What are the three stages of cell signaling?
How does a phosphorylation cascade amplify the cellular response?
What two general responses occur from chemical signaling?
What is the kinetochore?
What happen during the four general phases of the cell cycle?
Contrast cytokinesis in animals and plant cells?
How do the different cyclin molecules and Cdks molecules act as cellular clocks, controlling the cell cycle?
Biology 101 Homework
What is a gene?
Contrast autosomes and sex chromosomes.
Contrast sexual and asexual reproduction.
Are the two cells created by meiosis I haploid or diploid?
Chapter 14 – Mendel and the Gene Idea
Contrast the P, F1, and F2 generations.
Contrast phenotype and genotype.
Contrast incomplete dominance, with codominance, with complete dominance.
Name one recessively inheritied and one dominantly inherited disorder in humans and what causes them.
How did Morgan discover sex-linked genes?
Contrast the (X-Y), (X-O), (Z-W), and (haploid-diploid) chromosomal systems of sex determination in animals.
What is polyploidy and how does it develop?
Biology 101 Homework
What three molecules combine to form a nucleotide?
How does the origin of DNA replication differ between bacteria and eukaryotic cells?
Contrast the 3’ and 5’ ends of the DNA molecule.
What molecules form the primer that starts replication at the end of the DNA strands?
What is a codon?
What causes the RNA polymerase to stop reading the DNA strand (termination)?
Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA.
What is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in translation?
How is translation terminated?
What is the general structure of a virus?
What livestock disease is caused by prions?
Contrast the three methods that bacteria cells acquire new DNA (transformation, transduction, and conjuction).
Biology 101 Homework
Chapter 19 – The Organization and Control of Eukaryotic Cells
What are the four possible levels of DNA packing?
Contrast tandemly repetitive DNA with interspersed repetitive DNA.
Explain the role of transposons and retrotransposons in the rearrangement of eukaryotic genomes.
Why are the ras gene and the p53 gene so often involved in cancer formation?
What is biotechnology
What three methods (other than a plasmid) are used to insert a DNA fragment into a cell?
What does gel electrophoresis do and why would you use it?
What major problems exist with gene therapy, reducing its success?
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Biology 101 Homework
Chapter 22 – Decent with Modification: Darwin’s View
Give an example of anatomical homologies.
How does the fossil record support Darwin’s theory of evolution?
What is a population?
What is a gene pool.
How does the bottleneck effect reduce the number of alleles in the population surviving a natural disaster?
In what two ways can genetic variation be measured for an organism?
Contrast intrasexual and intersexual selection for mates among sexual reproducing organisms?
What is the biological species concept?
Contrast allopatric and sympatric speciation.
How can small changes in the genes that control the development of an organism (heterochrony) result in larger morphological differences among adult forms?
What is paedomorphosis?
Biology 101 Homework
How are phylogeny and systematics related?
What is a radioactive isotope and how is it used to tell the age of things?
How has continental drift provided a biogeographical aspect to phylogeny?
What are the six levels of classification above the genus?
When did oxygen begin to increase in the atmosphere?
What did the experiment of Miller and Urey show?
How did natural selection function in protobionts?
Why do some scientist believe life originated around deep sea vents?
How does Whittaker’s system differ from the current three domain system?
Why are prokaryotes considered a very successful life form?
How does the prokaryote cell wall differ from the plant cell wall?
What are the four major nutritional modes of prokaryotes?
Why are archaea considered extremophiles?
What is the role of bacteria in bioremediation?
Biology 101 Homework
What three general categories can protists be divided into in relation to their nutrition?
What is secondary endosymbiosis?
Describe conjunction and genetic recombination in Paramecium.
What are the three parts of a seaweed?
What are the two types of slime mold?
What evolutionary adaptations did plants have to make to become terrestrial organisms?
In which generation does meiosis occur?
What are the differences between sporophytes and gametophytes?
How do vascular plants differ from bryophytes?
What is the difference between homosporous and heterosporous
What are the two main groups (clades) of seed plants?
What three generations are combined in a seed?
What role does the ovary play in angiosperms?
How does a fruit differ from a seed?
How have animals and flowering plant shaped each other’s evolution?
Biology 101 Homework
What type of nutrition do fungi have?
What is the heterokaryotic stage and karyogamy?
At what stage in the life cycle of fungi does dispersion take place?
Contrast molds and yeast?
Lichen is a symbiotic form of what two types of organisms?
What four things distinguish animals from other eukaryotes?
Contrast the radiata (radial symmetry) and bilateria (bilateral symmetry).
How does the molecular-based systemic tree vary from the body-plan-based systemic tree?
What do Nematoda and Arthropoda have in common to cause them to be grouped in Ecdysozoa?
What three hypotheses do scientists give for the Cambrian explosion?
What is the structure of the parazoa (sponges)?
Name two ways that animals in the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) differ from other bilateral animals.
How do the round worms (nematodes) differ from the segmented worms (annelids)?
Why have insects been so successful as a group of animals
Contrast incomplete and complete metamorphosis in insects.
Biology 101 Homework
What four anatomical features characterize the phylum chordata?
Contrast the Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays) and the bony fish.
How is the amniotic egg adapted to survival on land?
Contrast marsupial and eutherian mammals.
Why is the idea that human evolution is a direct line from any early ape ancestor to modern humans a misconception?