I. Conservatism

Reacting against the liberal and nationalist notions the French revolution spread.

II. Liberalism

Government responsive to the people – less government it better

Individual liberty makes a strong society

Freedoms gained through political, not violent means

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859)

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

III. Socialism

New society based on cooperation rather than competition

Socialism is a threat to established government

Clashes with established norms

Different branches of socialism emerge

Charles Fourier (1772-1837)

Robert Owen

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Friedrich Hegel

Liberalism and conservatism offered political options to different portions of society - socialism offered an economic option to all people.

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