I. Major Social Transformation in Europe

Rising Urbanization and Industrialization

Spread of Railroads

Rise of education and liberalism throughout Europe

Unification of Germany and Italy begin in 1860s

II. Revolutions of 1848

1.      Congress of Europe seeks to end uprisings

2.      revolutions in Central Europe start well, but ultimately crushed

3.      thousands of radicals, liberals and  intelligentsia killed or fled to America

4.      spreads liberal ideas and ends serfdom in central Europe

III. Artists

Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1883)

Frederick Chopin (1810-1849)

Edgar Degas (1834-1917)

Claude Monet (1840-1926)

IV. Science and Thought

Increasing application and reliance upon science

Simultaneously tied to a Trans-Atlantic religious revival

Spread of disease with increasing global trade: Cholera 1826-55

V. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

NATURAL SELECTION - Origin of Species 1859

Darwinism and Christianity

Social Darwinism

VI. Attempts to create order from the chaotic world

Anarchism

Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876)

Feminism

Seneca Falls Declaration 1848

Liberalism

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

Psychology

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

TIMELINE

1815    Congress of Vienna

1830    Revolutions sweep through Europe

1848    Second wave of Revolutions

1853    Crimean War begins

1859    Darwin Origin of Species

1861    American Civil War

1866    Unification of Germany begins

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