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Transverse Section of the Thorax |
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2. List or recognize the ten characteristics of life.
3. Define, list and arrange in sequence the levels of organization of matter.
4. Describe a negative feedback system and contrast it with a positive feedback system.
5. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular portions of the human body.
6. List by name and locate on a diagram the principal body cavities
and their major organs.
dorsal body cavity, ventral body cavity, cranial
cavity, abdominolpelvic cavity, spinal (vertebral cavity),
thoracic (chest) cavity, two pleural cavities,
mediastinum, pericardial cavity
7. Identify or describe each of the following:
diaphragm, viscera, anatomical position
8. Distinguish between and give the location of the following serous
membranes:
parietal and visceral pleura
parietal and visceral pericardia
parietal and visceral peritonea
9. List the principal organ-systems of the human body and be able to associate representative organs and functions with them.
10. Define and use the directional terms associated with relative position
superior - inferior, anterior - posterior,
dorsal - ventral, medial - lateral, ipsilateral-contralateral,
proximal - distal, superficial - deep
11. Identify on a diagram and recognize a written description of each
of the following body sections:
sagittal, mid-sagittal, transverse (=
horizontal), frontal (= coronal)
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Transverse Section of the Thorax |
13. List and locate on a diagram the nine abdominolpelvic regions.
14. Name and locate the four quadrants of the abdominolpelvic cavity on a diagram.
2. Associate the following symbols with the elements they represent:
C, H, O, N, P, S,
Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, K, Fe, I, Co,
Cu
3. Describe the following parts of an atom:
electron, proton, neutron
4. Tell how many protons, neutrons and electrons make up a simple atom
if given the atomic number and atomic weight.
5. Identify an isotope of an element if given the atomic number and atomic weight of one form of the element.
6. Locate the symbol, atomic number and atomic weight for an element on a periodic chart of the elements.
7. Identify an ion if provided several alternatives on paper.
8. Recognize examples of and distinguish between:
ionic bonds
polar and nonpolar covalent bonds
single, double and triple covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds
9. Recognize the following basic types of chemical reactions:
synthesis, decomposition, exchange
10. Distinguish between inorganic and organic compounds and give examples of each type.
11. Distinguish between:
acids, bases and buffers
weak and strong acids and bases
solution, solute and solvent
12. Define pH and identify the neutral point, the acid range and the basic or alkaline range on a pH scale.
13. Describe and/or answer questions related to the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system.
2. List the four main classes of organic compounds and the main elements that compose them.
3. List: a. Two functions each for carbohydrates,
lipids and nucleic acids
b. Five functions of proteins
4. Identify the following functional groups:
alcohol(or hydroxyl), aldehyde,
carboxyl, ketone, amino, phosphate
5. Place each carbohydrate listed below in one of the following
groups - monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides:
glucose, lactose,
starch, fructose, sucrose, glycogen, galactose,
maltose, cellulose, ribose, deoxyribose
6. Recognize:
a condensation reaction (dehydration
synthesis)
a hydrolysis reaction
glycerol
a fatty acid
a fat
a phospholipid
a steroid
an amino acid
a peptide linkage (peptide bond)
a dipeptide or a polypeptide
7. Distinguish between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid.
8. Identify and distinguish between the levels of protein structure.
9. Distinguish between DNA and RNA.
10. Identify:
ATP, nucleotide, isomer, denature
2. Distinguish between tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions.
3. Outline the cycle of growth and nuclear division of a typical eukaryotic cell.
4. List in order the phases of mitosis beginning with prophase and associate each with a written description.
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Stages of Cell Division ©1996 Victor Eroschenko Distributed by AGC/United Learning E-mail info@agcunited.com |
6. Distinguish between cytokinesis and the nuclear events of mitosis.
7. Define or identify:
cancer, spindle, chromatid, astral rays, cell differentiation,
cleavage furrow, microvilli, protoplast, cytoplast,
hemolysis, plasmolysis, protoplasm, cytoplasm, potential
energy, kinetic energy, solute, solvent, solution,
phagocyte, concentration, concentration gradient,
protein carrier (permease)
8. Distinguish between an impermeable, semipermeable and selectively permeable (differentially permeable) membrane.
9. Distinguish between a solution (i.e., salt water), a colloidal suspension (i.e., milk), and a course suspension (i.e., soil water).
10. Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma (cell) membrane and list at least three functions of membrane proteins.
11. Distinguish between the following forms of movement across membranes:
passive processes, active processes,
simple diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, phagocytosis,
filtration, pinocytosis, dialysis, exocytosis,
endocytosis
12. Describe what would happen to a red blood cell placed in:
a. a hypertonic solution, b.
an isotonic solution, c. a hypotonic solution
2. Recognize the summary reaction for:
a. aerobic respiration, b. alcoholic
fermentation, c. lactic acid fermentation
3. Describe the energy yield (# of ATP's formed) from glucose in:
a. aerobic respiration (glycolysis, connecting
pathway, citric acid cycle, electron transport system)
b. alcoholic fermentation
c. lactic acid fermentation
4. Relate DNA and enzymes to metabolic pathways.
5. State how oxidized NAD (NAD+) is regenerated for glycolysis in lactic acid fermentation.
6. State the function of O2 in an aerobic metabolism.
7. Identify two ways the rate of aerobic respiration is regulated by cells.
8. Tell how carbon monoxide and cyanide poisonings can result in death.
9. Contrast the following pairs of terms:
anabolism - catabolism, oxidation - reduction,
aerobic - anaerobic
10. Define or identify:
metabolism, metabolic pathway, coenzyme
A, FAD, NAD, pyruvic acid, oxaloacetic acid, citric acid,
catalyst, energy, kilocalorie, substrate
level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, activation energy,
cytochrome, B-oxidation, deamination
11. Describe the chemiosmotic model proposed by Peter Mitchell in 1961
to explain the coupling of ATP synthesis to
electron transport.
2. Describe how epithelial tissues are classified.
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
©1996 Victor Eroschenko Distributed by AGC/United Learning E-mail info@agcunited.com |
4. Describe or recognize a description of the following connective tissues:
a. areolar = loose fibrous
b. dense fibrous = white
c. elastic
d. reticular
e. hyaline cartilage
f. spongy bone - trabeculae and red marrow
g. compact bone - Haversian system (= osteon)
h. adipose (fat) tissue
i blood - erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets
and plasma
5. Identify the following cell types found in connective tissue:
fibroblast, macrophage (= histiocyte), mast cell,
plasma cell, fat cell.
6. Contrast smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle.
7. Describe the structure of a typical multipolar neuron.
8. Define or identify:
tissue, histology, tendon, ligament, goblet cell,
lacuna (plural lacunae), canaliculus(plural canaliculi),
collagen, intercalated disc, elastin, keratin
2. Describe the main functions of the skin.
3. Identify the two layers that compose skin.
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Section of Skin Showing Epidermis, Dermis
and
Subcutaneous Layer ©1996 Victor Eroschenko Distributed by AGC/United Learning E-mail info@agcunited.com |
5. Contrast the structure and functions of derivatives of the epidermis
including hair, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands
and nails.
6. Define or identify:
arector pili muscle
dermal papilla(plural papillae) and hair papilla
hair follicle
keratinocyte, keratin and keratinization
melanocyte and melanin pigment
tyrosinase and albinism
sebum
perspiration (= sweat)
blackhead
subcutaneous layer
7. What steps can be taken to prevent the formation of bed sores (decubitus ulcers)?
8. Be able to label a diagram illustrating features of the skin and subcutaneous layer.
9. Describe the appearance of skin in a light complexioned individual
in the following conditions/situations:
albinism, blood well oxygenated, anemia, embarrassed
or overheated, cyanosis, jaundice
10. Distinguish between first, second and third degree burns.
11. Compare the "rule of nines" and Lund and Browder charts" for use in burn size estimation.
2. Contrast spongy (cancellous) and compact bone.
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Cross Section of an Osteon (=Haversian System)
©1996 Victor Eroschenko Distributed by AGC/United Learning E-mail info@agcunited.com |
4. Describe the basic structure of a long bone including:
epiphysis and diaphysis
red and yellow marrow
articular (hyaline) cartilage
epiphyseal disk and epiphyseal line
periosteum and endosteum
medullary cavity
spongy and compact bone
5. Distinguish between red and yellow marrow.
6. Identify six functions of bones.
7. Distinguish between intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
8. Describe the growth and development of a long bone including:
primary and secondary ossification centers
growth in length and growth in diameter
9. Describe the affect of each of the following on bone growth and development.
vitamin D
growth hormone = somatotropin
thyroid hormone
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
estrogens as compared to androgens
physical stress associated with exercise
10. Distinguish between the following systems of classifying joints:
A. Functional classification
synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses
B. Structural classification
fibrous (i.e., suture, syndesmosis)
cartilaginous (i.e., synchondrosis, symphysis)
synovial
11. Identify six types of synovial joints.
12. Define or identify:
hematopoiesis = hemopoiesis, trabeculae,
Haversian system = osteon, Volkmann's canal, hydroxyapatite,
ligament, tendon, joint = articulation,
bursa, hematoma
13. Be familiar with the following skeletal system diseases/disorders/problems.
rickets
pp. 204, 752
osteomalacia
pp. 204, 752
pituitary dwarf
pp. 204, 517
pituitary giant
pp. 204, 517
acromegaly
pp. 204, 517
fracture
p. 206
types of fractures
p. 206
fracture repair
p. 206, 207
osteoporosis
p. 210
kyphosis
p. 231
scoliosis
p. 231
lordosis
p. 231
osteomyelitis
p. 248
dislocation(luxation)
p. 292
sprain
p. 290
bursitis
p. 290
arthritis
pp. 290 - 292
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Skeletal Muscle Fibers
©1996 Victor Eroschenko Distributed by AGC/United Learning E-mail info@agcunited.com |
3. Identify the proteins comprising the thick and thin myofilaments.
4. Relate I bands, A band, H zone and Z lines to the arrangement of
thick and thin myofilaments in sarcomeres; which band
doesn't change in width during muscle contraction.
5. Describe the structure of the neuromuscular (myoneural) junction
including:
axon terminal, synaptic vesicle, cholinesterase,
synaptic cleft, motor-end-plate, neurotransmitter, receptor molecule
6. Describe the sequence of events in skeletal muscle excitation and contraction; state how excitation is coupled to contraction.
7. Describe the energy sources for muscle contraction and how the energy
is used in skeletal muscle contraction and
relaxation; define oxygen debt and explain how it
arises.
8. Describe rigor mortis and identify its cause.
9. Define twitch and distinguish between isometric and isotonic twitches.
10. Relate tetany to summation and recruitment.
11. Describe why skeletal muscles must be fastened or anchored in opposing
pairs and identify prime mover, synergist and
antagonist.
12. Contrast red (slow twitch) and white (fast twitch) fibers.
13. Summarize the effects of endurance training on skeletal muscles.
14. State why you think athletes generally perform better if they warm up by exercising lightly before a competitive event.
2. Be able to trace the path of air flow from the atmosphere to the air sacs or alveoli identifying all major anatomical features.
3. Identify the process involved in moving gases in each of the
following situations:
Atmosphere to lungs or vice versa
Lung alveoli to blood or vice versa
Transport in blood
Blood to tissues/cells or vice versa
| 4. Describe the shape and number of cartilage
rings in the
trachea and explain why they are shaped in such a manner. 5. Distinguish between visceral and parietal pleura and
6. Describe the basic events of inspiration and expiration. 7. Identify the four different types of paranasal sinuses. |
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9. Identify the three main types of tonsils located in the throat area.
10. Describe the role of hemoglobin in O2 transport in the
blood and be able to interpret an oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation
curve; compare it to an oxygen-myoglobin
dissociation curve.
11. Explain how pH, PCO2, temperature and exercise affect the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin.
12. Describe the three means of CO2 transport in the blood
and indicate which method is the most important; what is meant by
the chloride shift?
13. Why is the PO2 160 mm Hg in the atmosphere and only about a 100 mm Hg in the alveoli?
14. Describe and/or distinguish between the different respiratory air
volumes including:
tidal volume
vital capacity
inspiratory reserve volume
residual volume
expiratory reserve volume
total lung capacity
15. Define dead air space and distinguish between minute respiratory volume and alveolar ventilation rate.
16. Identify the location of the respiratory center.
17. Explain why a child who holds their breath will not die from lack of oxygen.
18. Explain why someone may pass out when they hyperventilate?
How is the same basic principle used by underwater
divers?
19. Explain what the following receptors respond to and how they affect
the rate and depth of breathing. Is high PCO2 /H+
or
PO2 more important in controlling
normal breathing rate?
chemoreceptors in the chemosensitive
area of the medulla
chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic
bodies
stretch receptors in the lungs-Hering
Breuer reflexes
peripheral proprioceptors in muscles,
ligaments and tendons
20. Be able to define or identify the following:
epiglottis
glottis
respiratory membrane
superior, middle and inferior nasal
conchae
eupnea, apnea, dyspnea
superior, middle and inferior meati
(singular meatus)
tonsillectomy
tracheostomy
carbonic anhydrase
hyperventilation
spirometer
surface tension
21. Be able to describe or identify the following disorders:
rhinitis
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
sinusitis
hyaline membrane disease = respiratory
laryngitis
distress syndrome
pharyngitis
tonsillitis
bronchitis
deviated septum
pleurisy
cleft palate
pneumonia
asthma
pneumothorax
asphyxiation = suffocation
atelectasis
emphysema
rales
2. Describe fluid exchange at capillaries and identify the two main driving forces.
3. Describe the composition of blood including formed elements and plasma.
4. Distinguish between and/or be able to recognize a definition of each
cell type/formed element in blood
including erythrocyte(red blood cell), leukocyte(white
blood cell) and platelet.
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Blood Smear
©1996 Victor Eroschenko Distributed by AGC/United Learning E-mail info@agcunited.com |
7. Give the range for a:
a. normal red blood cell count
b. normal total white blood cell count
8. Distinguish between:
leukocytosis and leukopenia
acute and chronic and myeloid and lymphoid leukemias
total WBC count and differential WBC count
9. Identify the cell type that forms platelets (= thrombocytes)
10. Describe the three mechanisms involved in hemostasis including platelet
plug formation, blood vessel spasms and blood
coagulation.
11. Distinguish between the extrinsic and intrinsic blood clotting mechanisms and identify the final steps of both mechanisms.
12. Distinguish between thrombocytopenia and hemophilia.
13. List the four ABO blood groups and identify the agglutinogens (antigens)
in the RBC membrane and the agglutinins
(antibodies) in the plasma in each case.
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Scanning image of red blood cells
Courtesy- CELLS alive! Go to web site |
15. Identify the Rh blood groups and describe the potential problems
in Rh incompatibility (mother is Rh negative and the
fetus is Rh positive).
16. Describe crossmatching and blood typing using Anti-A, Anti-B and Anti-D antisera.
17. Define and/or identify:
hematocrit
fibrin
jaundice
hypercholesteremia and LDL
hemopoiesis
serum
cyanosis
erythroblastosis fetalis
stem cell
macrophage
erythropoietin kernicterus
pus
polycythemia streptokinase
heparin
BUN test
tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
serotonin
anticoagulant reticuloendothelial
tissue
fibrinogen
rhogam
diapedesis
18. Identify six basic functions associated with the blood.
2. Distinguish between a typical circuit and a portal circuit (i.e.
renal portal circuit, hepatic portal circuit,
hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circuit).
3. Describe the coverings of the heart.
4. Identify the three layers that compose the wall of the heart including epicardium, myocardium and endocardium.
5. Be able to locate the atrioventricular and interventricular sulci.
6. Describe the skeleton of the heart and identify three functions it serves.
7. Trace a drop of blood through the heart listing the major blood vessels,
chambers and heart valves in order starting with
blood entering the right atrium.
8. Describe the blood supply to the heart wall. What are anastomoses?
9. Define syncytium and identify the two syncytia of the heart.
10. Describe the cardiac conduction system including the sinoatrial
(S-A) node, atrioventricular (A-V) node, atrioventricular
(A-V) bundle (= bundle of His) and purkinje
fibers. Which structure serves as the pacemaker? What is a
bundle branch
block?
11. Be able to interpret a normal electrocardiogram including P wave, QRS complex and T wave.
12. Describe a cardiac cycle and distinguish between systole and diastole.
13. Distinguish between parasympathetic and sympathetic regulation of the cardiac cycle.
14. Distinguish between the arterial and venous pressoreceptors and
their affect on the cardioinhibitor and
cardioaccelerator reflex centers in
the medulla oblongata.
15. Relate the occurrence of a myocardial infarction to ischemia, ventricullar
fibrillation, atherosclerosis,and
a blood clot(a thrombus or an embolus).
16. Be able to distinguish between the following abnormal heart actions.
tachycardia, bradycardia, ectopic beats,
fibrillation
Which is more serious atrial or ventricular
fibrillation?
What is defibrillation?
17. Identify the three coats of an artery.
18. Distinguish between an artery, a capillary and a vein.
19. Be able to identify the following blood vessel disorders:
atherosclerosis
varicose veins
arteriosclerosis
hemorrhoids
phlebitis
20. Define blood pressure and state how it changes with increasing distance
from the ventricle. How do arterial and venous
blood pressures differ?
21. Identify four factors that aid the return of venous blood toward the atria.
22. Identify and describe five factors that influence arterial blood
pressure including heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral
resistance, blood volume and viscosity.
23. Describe how heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output are related.
24. Describe the auscultatory method of blood pressure determination and distinguish between systolic and diastolic pressure.
25. State whether vasoconstriction and vasodilation increase or decrease
peripheral resistance. Does sympathetic stimulation
of smooth muscle in arterioles cause
vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
26. Identify the location of the greatest volume of blood in a normal distribution of blood volume (see Fig. 15.33).
27. Be able to describe the pressure changes in the left atrium and
left ventricle during a cardiac cycle. When does the A-V
valve close? When does the aortic
semilunar valve close? (see Fig. 15.16 and related discussion).
28. Define and/or identify:
chordae tendinae
pericarditis
papillary muscles
endocarditis
vasa vasorum
Korotkoff's sounds
blood brain barrier
renin
ascites
renin angiotensin mechanism
plaque
atrial natriuretic factor
stethoscope
sphygmomanometer
pulse
hypertension
Starling's law of the heart
circle of Willis
vasomotor center
hyperkalemia and hypokalemia
hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia